- Pahalgam Terror Attack: On April 22, 2025, a deadly attack on tourists in Indian-controlled Kashmir resulted in numerous fatalities. India accused Pakistan of backing the group responsible, an accusation Pakistan denied.
- Diplomatic Downgrade: Following the attack, India downgraded diplomatic ties, closed the only functional land border crossing, and suspended a crucial water-sharing treaty (Indus Waters Treaty). Pakistan retaliated by closing its airspace for Indian-owned or operated airlines and suspending all trade with India.
- Military Confrontation: Both sides exchanged fire along the Line of Control (LoC). India conducted what it called “precision strikes” on alleged terror hideouts inside Pakistan and Pakistan-controlled Kashmir. Pakistan responded with missile and drone attacks on Indian military installations and airbases.
- Operation Sindoor: India launched “Operation Sindoor,” involving air and drone strikes, reportedly targeting terrorist infrastructure in Pakistan. Pakistan’s Prime Minister confirmed that Indian ballistic missiles struck targets inside Pakistan.
- Ceasefire: After a period of intense hostilities, a ceasefire agreement was reached on May 10, 2025, reportedly brokered by the United States. However, both sides initially accused each other of violations.
- Continued Tensions: Despite the ceasefire, several punitive measures remain in place, including the suspension of visas, closure of airspace and trade bans. The Indus Waters Treaty also remains in abeyance.
Historical Context of Wars and Conflicts:
Since 1947, India and Pakistan have engaged in several major wars:
- 1947-1948: First Kashmir War.
- 1965: Second Kashmir War.
- 1971: War that led to the creation of Bangladesh.
- 1999: Kargil War.
Besides these full-scale wars, there have been numerous smaller conflicts, skirmishes, and prolonged military standoffs, such as the Siachen Glacier conflict and frequent ceasefire violations along the Line of Control.
Current State of Relations:
As of mid-May 2025, the ceasefire is holding, but relations remain extremely tense. India has stated that any future terror attacks originating from Pakistan would be considered an act of war, while Pakistan has indicated similar red lines regarding the Indus Waters Treaty.
India has also clearly stated that any future discussions with Pakistan will be strictly bilateral and focused on terrorism and the issue of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir. They have ruled out any third-party intervention.
The recent crisis has highlighted the volatile nature of the relationship and the constant risk of escalation between the two nuclear-armed neighbors. While a fragile calm has been restored, the underlying issues remain unresolved, making the long-term outlook uncertain. Sources
